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Etymology [ edit ]

The use of the term "Paki" was first recorded in 1964, during a period of increased South🎉 Asian immigration to the United Kingdom. At this time, the term "Paki" was very much in mixed usage; it was🎉 often used as a slur. In addition to Pakistanis, it has also been directed at people of other South Asian🎉 backgrounds as well as people from other demographics who physically resemble South Asians.[7] Starting in the late-1960s,[8] and peaking in🎉 the 1970s and 1980s, violent gangs opposed to immigration took part in attacks known as "Paki-bashing", which targeted and assaulted🎉 South Asians and businesses owned by them,[9] and occasionally other ethnic minorities.[10] "Paki-bashing" became more common after Enoch Powell's Rivers🎉 of Blood speech in 1968;[8] polls at the time showed that Powell's anti-immigrant rhetoric held support amongst the majority of🎉 the white populace at the time.[11][12] "Paki-bashing" peaked during the 1970s–1980s, with the attackers often being supporters of far-right fascist,🎉 racist and anti-immigrant movements, including the white power skinheads, the National Front, and the British National Party.[11][13] These attacks were🎉 usually referred to as either "Paki-bashing" or "skinhead terror", with the attackers usually called "Paki-bashers" or "skinheads".[8][14] "Paki-bashing" was partly🎉 fuelled by the media's anti-immigrant and anti-Pakistani rhetoric at the time,[13] and by systemic failures of state authorities, which included🎉 under-reporting racist attacks, the criminal justice system not taking racist violence seriously, constant racial harassment by police, and police involvement🎉 in racist violence.[8] Asians were frequently stereotyped as "weak" and "passive" in the 1960s and 1970s, with Pakistanis viewed as🎉 "passive objects" and "unwilling to fight back", making them seen as easy targets by "Paki-bashers".[8] The Joint Campaign Against Racism🎉 committee reported that there had been more than 20,000 racist attacks on British people of colour, including Britons of South🎉 Asian origin, during 1985.[15]

In December 2000, the Advertising Standards Authority published research on attitudes of the British public to pejoratives.🎉 It ranked Paki as the tenth severest pejorative in the English language, up from seventeenth three years earlier.[18]

Several scholars have🎉 compared Islamophobic street violence in the 2000s and 2010s to that of Paki-bashing in the 1970s and 1980s.[13][19][20] Robert Lambert🎉 notes that a key difference is that, whereas the National Front and BNP targeted all British South Asians (including Muslims,🎉 Hindus and Sikhs), the English Defence League (EDL) specifically target British Muslims. Lambert also compares the media's role in fuelling🎉 "Paki-bashing" in the late 20th century to its role in fuelling Islamophobic sentiment in the early 21st century.[13] Geddes notes🎉 that variations of the "Paki" racial slur are occasionally used by members of the EDL.[19]

The term is also used as🎉 a slur in Canada against South Asian Canadians[21] The term migrated to Canada around the 1970s with increased Pakistani and🎉 south Asian immigration to Canada.[22][23][24][25] In 2008, a campaign sign for an Alberta Liberal Party candidate in Edmonton was defaced🎉 when the slur was spray painted on it.[26]

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